College Tuition Should Be Granted - 766 Words

A college education has become a necessity in today’s civilization. Students all over the country are concentrating on their academics and are attempting to receive perfect grades. Many students struggle with tuition fees and are forced to find financial aid. Think of it this way, what if you were working hard to support you and your family and you had to pay for your education, would you want to do it? If student’s pay for their own education then they have to put more efforts in doing job to pay their tuitions. By this their grades are getting lower and lower as time passes during their education. Thus, many students, teachers, and people wonder if free college tuition should be granted. A four-year degree has basically replaced the high school diploma as the necessary preparation for a career in this modern economy. Currently most noteworthy discussion is going on through our president Barack Obama to make first two year of college tuitions free. According to Driscoll and Clapp, the reporters of EBSCO publisher, â€Å"Many students in the U.S. cannot afford the tuition to achieve the skills they want to know. A college degree helps lift up the standard of living by preparing students for jobs with better salaries, which, in return, provides more tax revenue and personal fulfillment.† (Driscoll, Clapp). College education should be free just like K-12(kindergarten to High school Senior Year). Some people think that public education should continue through the 16th grade toShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits Of A College Education1032 Words   |  5 PagesA college education has become a necessity in today’s society. Students all around the country are putting so much effort into getting perfect grades. Trying to finance every students education has become difficult. Although, many students, teachers, and other people have wondered if giving students a free tuition should be granted. I believe that students should be gra nted a free tuition and that it should be funded by the U.S government because this could help students focus more on their studiesRead MoreShould Non Documented Students Be Granted Residency For Tuition Purposes?1646 Words   |  7 PagesCandace Hopper Eng 102 Argumentative Research paper Daniel Dekergeland 04/15/2015 Should Non-documented Students be Granted Residency for Tuition Purposes? The debate on whether non-documented students should be granted residency for tuition purposes has been a primary issue for a decade in the United States. Each side has cited their reasons for their sides, citing both moral/equity and financial/economic arguments to support their positions. With statistics indicating that approximately 15% ofRead MoreHigh School Vs. The Federal Government1327 Words   |  6 PagesAs a boy growing up my parents insisted that I would be attending college after I graduate high school. Aging through the years, the common perspective was to attend college unlike the viewpoint from the 80’s and earlier where not as many high school graduates attended college. This standard view for many families, like my own, is to put their son or daughter into college so that they may graduate with a degree and seek a career in the tough world as of late. In order to make this goal happen, manyRead MoreFree Education : Should Not Be Free?867 Words   |  4 Page sFree Education in America Education, in America, should be free because having more educated people in this country will potentially increase the job availability. Making education free in America will raise taxes and help student debt. America’s youth is being discouraged to receive an education because of the high tuition and high interest rates on student loans. Many students who are in higher education are also being discouraged because of the low job opportunities after they graduate from schoolRead MoreState Tuition For Illegal Immigrants993 Words   |  4 Pagesstates that offer in-state tuition for unauthorized illegal immigrants. The path to becoming such states has been a difficult one; furthermore, only sixteen of these states have achieved in-state tuition for illegal immigrants by taking legislative action. The other four states allowed the universities autonomy developing their own system and guidelines (Undocumented, 2014). Arguments from opposing side generate authoritative statement s. The opposing voices argue in-state tuition is only a magnet forRead MoreEssay on Tuition Reimbursement1174 Words   |  5 PagesRUNNING HEAD: Tuition Reimbursement Tuition Reimbursement Joshua Newton DATE Tuition Reimbursement Most students have issues planning out how to pay off loans or even get money to attend college, majority of people paying for their education need to have loans to help pay for tuition to attend school. But now more than ever, companies offer tuition reimbursement for their employees. Usually companies offer this opportunity to help further the education of their employees to improve andRead MoreFree Education : Should Not Be Free?911 Words   |  4 PagesFree Higher Education Education, in America, should be free because having more educated people in this country will potentially increase the job availability. Making education in America without cost will raise taxes and help student debt. America’s youth is being discouraged to receive an education because of the high tuition and high interest rates on student loans. Many students who are in higher education are also being discouraged because of the low job opportunities after they graduate fromRead MoreShould College Tuition Be Paid?981 Words   |  4 PagesTuition fees have always been a complaint to people who are paying and attending college, most say it is too expensive, some say it should be free. Is that a good way to go? Making college something that anyone could attend? Some say that free college would allow students that are less fortunate, wealth wise, to attend college and have hope for a better future. College plays a very important role in the economy and in my opinion, I certainl y believe that college tuition is there for certain reasonsRead MoreCan Rewards And Motivators Create A Drive For Better?1420 Words   |  6 Pagesmost college students work part time - some full - in order to live comfortably as the financial aid granted from schools along with scholarships and grants aren t enough. Individuals attend post-secondary to better themselves as individuals, impact the society in a positive manner, and to pursuing their aspirations. The stress caused from working while in school tends to impede student academics, thus not allowing them to perform their finest. Students who earn a GPA of 3.7 or higher should receiveRead MoreShould Colleges Be Free? Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesShould colleges be free in America? It is a question that is more relevant today than ever before. As education is one key factor that determines the nation’s fate going forward, this question is worth debating. Making free college education may sound good theoretically b ut requires herculean efforts to make it practically possible. The main question is whether such program be effective in the long run or not? If, yes how long will the government able to support these costs and from where? Are tuition

Essay On Colosseum - 1588 Words

Module 2: Age of Perfection and Empire (Colosseum – Negative) 336! The Colosseum (72AD – 80AD) demonstrates that function (â€Å"shelter, program, organization, use, occupancy, materials, social purpose†) informs style (â€Å"line, outline, shape, composition†) (Figure 1) (Hendrix 2013, 1; John, Sheard and Vickery 2007, 4). Built as a theatre to entertain Roman citizens, the Colosseum’s shape, size, tiered seating, arena and rhythmical arches emerges from the functional requirements to stage entertainment, maximise spectatorship, manage crowds and provide structural stability (John, Sheard and Vickery 2007, 1). The cross-section of the Colosseum (Figure 2) reveals the translation of function into form: †¢ Spectacle: A large central arena provided the†¦show more content†¦Therefore, whilst varying facades and building technology may â€Å"disguise usage norms†, the form of the Colosseum (and modern stadiums) emerges from function (Maguire 2014, 127). Module 3: Heavenly Pursuits (Gothic – Affirmative) The intricate carvings, stained-glass windows, statues, jewelled ornamentation and elaborate paintwork of the Gothic cathedral augments the architectural form. A theological shift during the 12th century triggered an architectural transition from the dark, heavy Romanesque church to the illuminated, soaring and delicate Gothic cathedral (Figure 8) (Ching, Jarzomebek, and Prakash 2011, 369, 420). Annihilating the mass of the Romanesque, Gothic architecture employed slender columns, vaulted ceilings, pointed arches, flying buttresses and large windows to achieve a light, skeletal structure with soaring heights and a light-filled interior (Figure 9) (Nuttgens 1997, 160). The decorative carving further reduces the mass to create a delicate lacework, that coupled with sculptured jambs, piers and archivolts, enhances and disguises the architecture leading Scott (1879, 313) to â€Å"†¦question whether the sculpture of these cathedrals does not excel the architecture† (Figure 10). Significantly, the corporeal light filtering through the stained glass (allegorically the divine illumination of God) and the delicate pillars that draw the eye to the soaring vaulted ceiling combine to create a system ofShow MoreRelatedColosseum of Rome Essay2347 Words   |  10 PagesIn this essay, I will be writing about the great Colosseum of Rome and what was held inside to give the citizens of Rome some entertainment. The Romans had many choices of what to do during their spare time, such as ball games, board games, and watching gladiatorial fights in the Colosseum; this was the most popular type of entertainment. To many people today, Roman entertainment was classed as cruel. However, not all forms of entertainment involved such violence as within the Colosseum. ThereRead More The Colosseum Essay2316 Words   |  10 PagesThe Colosseum In the first century AD, the Roman Emperor Vespasian decided that Rome needed a stadium that would not only satisfy the crowds, but also convince the magnitude that Rome had become a power to be reckoned with. He wanted them to know that Rome now again had strong and unquestionable power in the world after the strong and bitter civil war it had recently gone through. His idea was to create an amphitheater. This theater, named the Flavian Amphitheater, earned a reputation as theRead MoreThe Colosseum Essay example798 Words   |  4 Pages Architecture of the ancient Roman Empire is one of the most fascinating of all time. The city of Rome once housed more than one million residents. The Romans made great use of many architectural shapes like arches and columns. Using these they were able to build monstrous buildings of worship, entertainment and other services. The one building that comes in mind over the centuries, when you think of Rome is The Amphitheatrum Flavium or The Coloseum. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Coloseum wasRead More The Roman Colosseum Essays2385 Words   |  10 PagesThe Roman Colosseum, a colossal amphitheater, was built in the first century under Flavians rule. Many events such as gladiator games, beast fights, naval battles, and much more took place inside the huge elliptical arena. People of all ages and classes attended these well-known spectacles. The Colosseum is a huge Roman architectural achievement and the fact that it is still standing today only amplifies the importance of this structure. Hundred of thousands of people attended the ancient gamesRead MoreWas the Colosseum a Perfect Amphitheatre? Essay876 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Colosseum was a perfect amphitheatre.† How far do you agree with this statement? The Colosseum, located in Rome was built opened by the Emperor Titus in 80 AD. By many it is considered a â€Å"perfect amphitheatre† due to its dà ©cor, practicality and large structural layout. However, there are some features of the Colosseum which mean it is difficult to use, hence leading to some people disagreeing with the statement. One of the main reasons why the Colosseum was and is so highly respected isRead MoreThe Colosseum : Cultural And Cultural Values1305 Words   |  6 Pagesthe present essay examines and evaluates the way in which the architectural building of ‘The Colosseum’ describes the societal and cultural values of Rome. In addition to this, the essay also demonstrates the technical and spatial features of the buildings and illustrates the way through the building is able to develop a language of classical architecture in Rome. The thesis statement of the present essay can be stated as ‘The extent to which the architectural building of ‘The Colosseum’ in Rome depictsRead MoreSocial Structure in the Colosseum1229 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ The Ancient Roman Social Structure in the Colosseum Ancient Rome is one of the greatest and most influential societies in the history of the world. From the basic rules of how the Roman Empire is set up to the infrastructures in the city, the strict hierarchy of Roman social structure can be reflected clearly all over the whole ancient Rome. In fact that â€Å"public architecture presents people with the official view of a society and provides the background against which its individual markersRead MoreThe Importance Of The Colosseum1009 Words   |  5 Pages The famous historical structure known as the Colosseum is a remarkable piece of architecture that has survived for over nearly two millenniums. It was commissioned by the Emperor Vespasian of the Flavian dynasty as a gift to the people of Rome and completed by his son, Titus in the year 70 A.D. (History, 2009). Since then, the Flavian Amphitheater has gone through lifetimes of changes with chronicles of events. It is one of the most impressive ancient structures that still sta nd today and is extraordinaryRead MoreA Brief Note On The Punic Wars And Rome1713 Words   |  7 PagesEvan Myers Dr. Cary Western Cultural Traditions I October 14, 2015 Rome Midterm Essays Punic Wars The three Punic Wars were between ancient Carthage and Rome and took place over almost a century. The wars began in 264 B.C. and ended in 146 B.C. with the destruction of Carthage (History.com Staff). At the time the war broke out, Carthage was the world’s leading maritime power in the Mediterranean and Rome was the dominant power in the Italian Peninsula (History.com Staff). In the First PunicRead MoreForm and Function of the Colosseum1286 Words   |  6 PagesForm and Function of the Colosseum Colosseum is an example of a building in which its form and function are inextricably linked. To prove this, let us take a look at some of the orders, the wall-like structure and the vaults of the Colosseum as part of its form and functions. With reference to the Illustration Book Colour Plate 19,28,72,75,76 and 78, and Block 2 The Colosseum Figure 6.1 and 6.2, the Colosseum evidently uses five orders: ‘Doric’, ‘Tuscan’, ‘Ionic’

Corporate Downsizing Essay Research Paper Introduction free essay sample

Corporate Downsizing Essay, Research Paper Introduction The U.S. economic system was at the tallness of economic enlargement, stocks were near all clip highs, corporate net incomes were strong, and the unemployment rate was at its lowest in two decennaries. At the same clip, the major corporations in the United States were firing workers by the 100s of 1000s, and occupation insecurity had risen to an highly high degree. What was besides dry was the fact that the corporations who were originating the retrenchments were considered to be some of the strongest and most profitable in the state. Although these events seem to be inconsistent, this is what has happened throughout the decennary of the 1990 # 8217 ; s. Traditionally, downsizing was a direct consequence of a diminution in the demand for a house # 8217 ; s merchandise. This would intend that fewer points needed to be produced, hence less employees were needed. Retrenchment was besides used as a manner to cut costs during times of recession. But, the retrenchments observed in the 1990 # 8217 ; s did non suit this cast. Alternatively of downsizing for endurance, companies were utilizing this as a strategic program for making an addition in stock monetary values. The purpose of retrenchments by these top corporations who were already really profitable was to go # 8220 ; thin and average # 8221 ; . However, consequences of a study published in the Wall Street Journal suggested that many of the houses did non run into their ends. While corporate downsizing gets the promotion, the American economic system has steadily grown richer. Many times the public confuses downsizing with recession, but in world affects a individual industry that is seeking to suit itself to new worlds of the market. While some industries have downsized, the economic system has continued to turn. History of Downsizing Retrenchment is defined as a decrease in the figure of employees, and sometimes in the figure of runing units within a company. It began as a scheme of weak corporations as a manner to cut down the costs of the company. Shareholder wealth was the chief concern, and companies were willing to make whatever they thought necessary to convert the market that the stock monetary value should lift. The stock monetary value had become more of import in the determinations of top direction because many companies were offering stock options to them as portion of their wages. Retrenchment was being used as a endurance scheme by corporations who were seeking to increase their market values. It was frequently perceived as doing a company more competitory in today # 8217 ; s planetary market place. In typical retrenchment, a profitable house would denote to the populace that it was firing a big per centum of its work force. The thought was that the market would acquire aroused and get down purchasing up the house # 8217 ; s stock at a higher monetary value. But, there are different positions on how shareholders react to this sort of intelligence. The thought that downsizing additions stock monetary values is fueled by the belief that if net incomes are to be maintained and improved, corporations have one alternative-cut costs. This normally meant cutting occupations because paring the paysheet seemed to be an easier manner to increase net incomes in the short tally. Downsizings besides had everything that a company wanted when seeking to increase stock prices-they were tragic and newsworthy and they showed that a company was serious about its hard currency flow. Downsizing non merely reduces the figure of employees, but frequently shrinks the figure of direction degrees as good, and center directors have been peculiarly vulnerable to downsizing alterations. Retrenchment is normally done by a company because of the sensed consequence of more efficiency, ensuing in cost decreases. This tendency has emerged due to the thought that corporate retrenchment will increase the stock monetary value of a company. This paper will concentrate on this issue by looking at two major companies who have downsized in the last few old ages and the effects, if any, that it had on their stock monetary values. Premise of the Analysis Before come oning farther, it is of import to measure up the companies in this information set as relevant for the intent of transporting out this survey. Specific makings are necessary to guarantee that the information utilized from the companies selected is an accurate representation of downsizing. Therefore, a company should be included in the information set if it meets the undermentioned standards: ? The company is public and is listed on the NASDAQ or the New York Exchange at the clip of retrenchment. ? The company # 8217 ; s chief offices are located in the U.S. ? The company was non belly-up or in the procedure of reorganising at the clip of retrenchment. ? The retrenchment was publicized in a reputable news-related periodical or a newspaper such as the New York Times. Not merely are at that place specific demands for the choice of companies, but labour determinations categorized as retrenchment must besides be carefully indicated. Therefore, the 2nd premise is that downsizing is differentiated from some other signifier of corporate reorganisation such as # 8220 ; layoffs # 8221 ; in the undermentioned mode: ? The company eradicated a lower limit of $ 2,000 if it has more than 20,000 employees. ? The company eliminates a lower limit of 20 % of its work force if its paysheet forces consists of less than 20,000. ? Positions that are eliminated affecting particular # 8220 ; inducement # 8221 ; or rupture bundles are included. ? Eliminations that are consequences of amalgamations are besides included. Statement of the Problem Given the aforesaid premises, the statement of the job is that downsizing irequires that a house fire a big measure of their workers all at one time, ( bespeaking diminishing equity value of a house ) , nevertheless, the figure of workers discharged tends to increase the long-term return of the stock. Aim of the Study Therefore, the aim of this survey is to utilize stock monetary values as a medium to mensurate the efficiency of companies. Particularly, this survey focuses on chiefly two corporations, Delta and United Airlines. The end of the writers is to utilize the stock monetary values, ( taken from a secondary beginning ) , of these companies as a determiner of the company # 8217 ; s success or diminution during its period of downsizing. This paper will demo that although retrenchment is shown to be a rare event in the development of stock monetary values, it does really represent relevant and favourable intelligence to the equity of a house. Hypothesis Testing The aforesaid subdivisions of this survey have discussed the grounds of retrenchment and its effects on the companies undergoing such a reorganisation procedure and have identified stock monetary values as the factor to bespeak the consequence on the company # 8217 ; s fiscal place. Such a factor is a really effectual determiner for analysing whether downsizing had any consequence on the company or to signal if the company did so run into its aim. Hence, for the intents of this survey, hypotheses proving using the stock monetary values of two different companies will be used. As stated, the two companies considered for our testing are Delta and United Airlines. Procedurally, the writers have used the stock monetary values of these two companies from the Wall Street Journal. The indicated periods used are those that range from a few months before the retrenchment took topographic point until some few months subsequent to the retrenchment. The aforesaid periods include the passage period. As shown in the tabular arraies, the two separate companies are defined and following is the execution of the Independent Sample t trial. The t trial is used to turn out or reject our premises. The full process is explained and verified in seven stairss, which are as follows: a.Hypotheses: As antecedently stated, the chief aim of carry oning this trial is to turn out that the retrenchment does consequence the stock monetary values of a company. It increases or decreases the stock monetary values depending on the type of downsizing undergone. So this hypotheses ratifies our premise that the stock monetary values can either increase or diminish with the determination of downsizing. The void hypotheses and the alternate hypotheses would be as follows. H0: ma 0 Here we are sing that nothing as the base value i.e. the value that the company held prior to the company undergoing downsizing. We could non hold any other figure other than zero because we are comparing two different companies which had two different values before retrenchment ; hence we have a common platform for demoing that the two companies under consideration meet our premises. b.Test Statistic: We are under the premises that stock monetary values are about usually distributed. The sample sizes which we considered for this testing are little. The population discrepancy is non known. Therefore, harmonizing to the flow chart for make up ones minding between omega and T and given the above-stated, information we are carry oning the trial harmonizing to the t-distribution. Therefore the trial statistic would be, T = x -mo # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; ( S^2 ) / n Where ten = the mean of the stock monetary values S = the standard divergence S^2 = the discrepancy of the sample n = the sample size. c.Significance Degree: Assuming that the effects of perpetrating a Type I error, ( rejecting HO when it is true ) , is such that we are willing to take a 1 in 20 or 5 in 100 opportunity of perpetrating. Since our average weight is zero, as stated in the void hypotheses, we would wish to reject the void hypotheses and so decide to do the chance of rejecting the void hypotheses ( if it happens to be reasonably little ) 0.05. Hence, allow the significance degree a = 0.05 d.Decision Rule: The fact that there is an inequality in the alternate hypotheses indicates that this is a one- sided trial. All of a = 0.05, hence, will be in one tail of the distribution of the trial statistic. Since the computed values of the trial statistic that are sufficiently little will do rejection of the void hypotheses, the rejection part will be in the right tail. The critical value of T, so, is that value of T to the right of which lies 0.05 of the country under the normal criterion curve. The tabular array demoing the values for t distribution gives us the critical value of 1.7613 when we interpolate. Therefore, we may province the determination regulation as follows: if the value of T computed from the sample informations which we are utilizing is greater than the critical value of T 0.95, 14 which is 1.7613, we reject H0 ; otherwise we do non reject HO. e.Calculations: Lashkar-e-taibas first see proving in the instance of Delta Airlines. The computations and the consequence for this instance obtained by utilizing the SPSS plan are attached with this paper. A random sample of the size of 15 yielded a mean of 115.6667. The consequences besides show the value of T as 26.692 with grade of freedom of 14 and a significance degree of 0.00. The 2nd instance is that of United Airlines. The computations and the consequences for the same obtained by utilizing the One-sample t-test utilizing the SPSS plan are attached. A random sample of 15 yielded a mean of 165.6667. The consequences besides show the value of T as 6.145 with a grade of freedom of 14 and significance degree of 0.000. f.Statistical Decision: Upon bring forthing the determination regulation, we have determined that we would reject HO if the computed value of T is greater than the critical value of t. Hence, from the computations, we are obtaining a computed value greater than the critical value in both instances. For illustration, In the instance of Delta Airlines: T ( COMPUTED ) gt ; t ( 0.95.14 ) 26.692 gt ; 1.7613 In the instance of United Airlines: T ( COMPUTED ) gt ; t ( 0.95,14 ) 6.145 gt ; 1.7613 We are rejecting Ho. Besides, we can reason that the significance degree obtained from computations is less than the significance degree we have assumed, which is that of 0.05. This means that the T value computed is non every bit important as we want and hence, leads to the decision that we can reject Ho. g.Conclusion: In decision, the decennary of the 1990 # 8217 ; s has proven to be one of inconsistent events sing assorted company # 8217 ; s attempts to downsize. Give a standard statistical and/or micro-economic scenario, a weak house anticipates a slack in the demand for its merchandises, and lays off workers, while a strong house foresees a leap in the demand for its merchandises, and hires more workers. However, as in this instance sing Delta and United Airlines, the demand for companies to downsize has taken on somewhat of a different intent. The purpose of this survey was to turn out our premise that the factor of retrenchment has some consequence on the stock monetary values of a company, which we considerd as a medium to mensurate the efficiency of a company in footings of the company # 8217 ; s fiscal place when retrenchment occurs. The writers were able to reason that retrenchment does alter the stock monetary values to some extent in certain instances and in other instances to a big extent. Even though this trial involved merely two companies- Delta and United Airlines- we have sufficient grounds to affirmatively pull the decision that, yes, when used as a medium to find a company # 8217 ; s efficiency, the company # 8217 ; s determination to downsize does hold a positive consequence on its stock monetary values.

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Cyber Security Threat Posed by a Terrorist Group

Cyber Security Threat Posed by a Terrorist Group Summary Cyber terrorism refers to terrorist attacks that are aimed at computer systems. It is similar to the traditional physical terrorism in its aim of distraction with the difference that it targets computer systems and not human beings and other physical property.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cyber Security Threat Posed by a Terrorist Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper highlights possible cyber terror threats in Australia in government agencies and the commercial sector. Possible options over terrorism is then highlighted which include international efforts to curb the vice. The paper recommends independent efforts by institutions, governments and the international community in the war against the vice. Background The history of cyber terrorism spans back to the development of application of internet services that was introduced in the 1970s. The introductory use of the internet was centrally op erated throughout the globe but this was changed with decentralization that resulted from the cold war conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. The initially restricted use of internet was also liberated towards the year 1990 that allowed private individuals to freely use the internet. The availability of internet together with its terms of usage which are associated with high degree of freedom has been identified as the main reason why it has been transformed by some individuals and groups as a weapon for assault. One of the realized features of the internet usage that makes it a weapon is its accessibility and â€Å"little or no regulation, censorship, or other forms of government control† (Pladna, n.d., p. 3) that offers an unregulated practice. The internet is similarly identified to be affordable and at the same time anonymous that offers opportunities for undertaking activities in the background. These among other features of the internet have been ident ified to form the basis of the cyber terrorism attacks (Pladna, n.d., p. 3). Particularly identified attacks of this nature have included hacking of data in other entity’s accounts that are normally aimed at causing harm to the systems and even a subsequent damage to the parties. An example of such attacks would include gaining an unauthorized access to a country’s security system with the aim of compromising the system.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It can also take the form of compromising information of an institution with the motive of causing harm. An attack can, for instance, be made with respect to the information system of a health service institution. This takes the form of altering information about patients with a subsequent effect of causing an inappropriate medication that can cause harm to the institution’s patients. The examples illustrate the two categories of cyber terrorism, â€Å"effect based and internet based† (Pladna, n.d., p. 4). Cyber terrorism attacks are said to be effect based if they are primarily meant to cause fear among individuals. Though the attacks are based on computer systems, their effects are normally similar to those of physical terrorism. Internet based cyber terrorism are on the other hand intended to cause damage rather that fear. This form of attack is associated with compromising systems of an entity so as to cause loses due to system malfunctioning. Cyber terrorism can thus be associated with intentions to establish â€Å"loss of integrity, loss of availability, loss of confidentiality and physical damage† (Pladna, n.d., p. 4). Application and subsequent development of cyber attacks have similarly been associated with development of technology and the globalization effect that has stemmed up efforts to curb the traditional physical terrorism. Factors such as high security along country boarders that has for instance restricted the activities of terrorists in the international concept has seen terrorists resort to the use of the internet to attain their objective of causing destruction. Contrary to the restricted across boarder physical movements due to security, the internet does not have any form of geographical limitation thus allowing access to any country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cyber Security Threat Posed by a Terrorist Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has particularly lured terrorists to the cyber attacks. Engagements in illegal activities that have also been significantly associated with terrorist groups such as drug trafficking and even smuggling of illegal arms have witnessed a corporation between the terrorists and other parties such as computer specialists among others to help in ensuring the success of these illegal activities. Accessing syst ems of other parties such as a country’s security system for example reveal loopholes which can then be used to smuggle the commodities past security forces. Cyber attacks can in this manner be used to disrupt systems by causing inefficiencies which then allows for the illegal intentions of the groups. Reports have also indicated the use of cyber attacks to defraud individuals of money through credit cards. Intelligence has also revealed that the internet has been converted into a hub for terrorist group as a centre through which they â€Å"communicate, conduct operational planning, proselytize, recruit and train to obtain logistical and financial support† (Pladna, n.d., p. 5). Developments and increased level of cyber terrorism has adequately extended to the dependence of technocrats with individual groups either hiring computer specialists or training ones for their operations. The developments have also led to transformations of targets to make government institutio ns and corporate entities as the main targets of the terrorist attacks (Pladna, n.d., p. 5). Possible threats facing Australia due to cyber terrorism Cyber attacks have been significantly identified in Australia to be majorly attached to political motives in addition to the creation of â€Å"harm and the spread of fear to people† (Beggs and Warren, 2009, p. 2) with the aim of influencing either domestic or global activities. Example of access to official data from an institution or an agency that is then used to launch an attack by altering system operations which would then lead to an accident such as an explosion are for example highlighted in Australia as a possible cyber terrorism. This would be due to the expected level of harm and fear together with destruction that such moves would create. The supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is for example identified as the potential target for cyber attacks. The system is used to manage distribution of commodities in the country, some of which are primarily essential.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This involves the distribution of materials such as â€Å"water, gas and electricity† as well as the transportation of waste materials for disposal (Beggs and Warren, 2009, p. 2). The SCADA system has at the same time been transformed to depend on modern technology for its operations. Integration of modern software as well as hardware has been the characteristics of operations of the system. There is therefore a possibility of security breach with respect to the system that can be used to launch attacks on the operations of the system. This is actually an imminent threat owing to the fact that such attacks have been realized in Australia in the past few years. Cases such as attacks on â€Å"the polish tram system in 2008, Estonia in 2007, SQL Slammer in 2003, Queensland in 2000 and Gazprom in 1999† (Beggs and Warren, 2009, p. 2) are illustrations that brings the possibility of similar actions. The application of technology to operate the systems makes it liable for man ipulation that can then lead to harmful incidents. An individual who gains access into the system can for example greatly increase the pressure with which the fluids such as water, gas and even waste materials are transported in order to cause explosive busts of the transporting vessels. This would for example lead to immediate harm of individuals at the explosion site as well as the curtailed delivery of services that will be interrupted. There will also be the impression of incompetence of the system that will be created in public opinion as well as extended fear of possible breaches in other services that can be very dangerous (Beggs and Warren, 2009, p. 4). Another possible cyber terrorism threat to Australia is its corporate system. The level of vulnerability that has been realized in a variety of institution has raised alarm over the safety of the business sector in the country. Experience of attacks that have been realized with respect to the country’s infrastructure h as a possibility of shifting to commercial organizations. The breach in the commercial sector can take two forms, attacks on organization as the main target or attacks on systems in financial institutions with the aim of extracting money from people’s accounts. An attack on an organization can take the form of paralyzing the information system of the organization which can at the same time be accompanied by subsequent harmful activities by the terrorist. In either way, a disruption, financial loss and fear with respect to security will have been realized. Attacks which are aimed at accessing people’s accounts for transferring money from such accounts will on the other hand have effects on both the institutions as well as the individual customers. Similar impacts such as instilled sense of insecurity and fear as well as lost trust will be realized due to the attacks. Fears of such cyber attacks on the country’s security systems such as the armed forces have also been raised. This would however be more serious with possibility of subsequent physical terrorism attacks. Though the short term effects of the different attacks may vary, there is a long term impact that such cyber attacks impose to Australia and any other country that is faced with threats of cyber attacks. There is the issue of economic instability that may result from the fear that is occasionally induced by the cyber attacks. Individual account holders whose accounts are hacked and misappropriated will for example suffer from economic instability that might be spilled over to the country’s economy especially if a significant number of accounts are compromised and the funds diverted outside the country. Attacks on corporate institutions and government agencies are also characterized with an increased level of insecurity that can scare away investors to the disadvantage of the country’s economy (McDonald, 2010, p. 1). Such threats have similarly been realized in oth er countries such as Britain. Though Britain never took a drastic measure following an attack which it realized in association with cyber terrorism in the year 2005, it was recognized as a possible future threat that is worth consideration. Cyber attack threats have also been identified in the United States though no significant countermeasures have been publicly outlined (McDonald, 2010, p. 1). Options against cyber terrorism The extensiveness of the use of computers that provides room for international attacks from any part of the globe offers restrictions over independency of states and nations in the war against cyber terror. One of the options that can be employed to curb the attacks is the combined effort of the international community against the vice. Use of conventions such as the one that was established in Europe in the year 2004 is thus an alternative. Under these provisions, standards can be outlined that can then be universally used to regulate the use of the internet for harmful purposes (Rollins and Wilson, 2007, p. 21). A comprehensive international collaboration among investigators and prosecution teams in cases of cyber attacks have also been identified as an option to controlling the practice. The need to control the use of the internet due to the attacks is however countered by the fact that the wide use of the internet is identified to be of importance (Escorial, 2009, p. 4). Recommendations Following the global threat over cyber attacks, a globally established body is required to ensure appropriate regulation and prosecution with respect to the terrorists. Individual countries are also supposed to take measures to protect their institutions from such attacks by ensuring standards for safer systems. Individual institutions are also supposed to strengthen their system and immediately report any identified attacks. References Beggs, C and Warren, M. (2009) Safeguarding Australia from cyber- terrorism: a proposed cyber terrorism SCADA risk f ramework for industry adoption. [Online] Available from http://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004context=iswsei-redir=1#search=%22cyber%20terrorism%20threats%20australia%22 Escorial, San. (2009) CoE- OAS/CICTE Conference on terrorism and cyber security, conclusions. [Online] Available from: coe.int/t/dlapil/codexter/3_CODEXTER/Working_Documents/Conclusions%20CoE%20OAS-CICTE%20Conference.pdf McDonald, T. (2010) Governments on alert for cyber terror threat. [Online] Available from: abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/10/19/3042762.htm. Pladna, B. (n.d.) Cyber terrorism and information security. [Online] Available from: infosecwriters.com/text_resources/pdf/BPladna_Cyber_Terrorism.pdf. Rollins, J and Wilson, C. (2007) Terrorists capabilities for cyber attack: overview and policy issues. [Online] Available from: fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL33123.pdf

Figure from American History Ronald Reagan Scholarship Essay

Figure from American History Ronald Reagan - Scholarship Essay Example The paper says that security is key to the stability of the American economy. This had an overall effect of increased economic prosperity. However, with the recent trends of Arab uprising and American intervention, there arises a security concern directly linked to terrorism. The motive behind US intervention is unknown, but arming locals to topple governments after which the recovery of such weapons becomes impossible is a serious issue which calls for a decisive solution to the problem of terrorism. Global inflation is another issue with which I would want Reagan to give me his views upon. America plays an important role in its involvement in international affairs and a curious issue I would want to discuss with him is the increasing Chinese presence in developing countries and whether this issue undermines American interests abroad in any way and if so what policies would he have implemented to contain china’s increasing influence in those spheres. To sum up, I think Reagan is unique in that he is able to elaborate on the issue of security more amicably than anyone else. His policies would be much effective in solving the current global problems that the world is experiencing such as; inflation, global warming, terrorism and the proliferation of arms in the unstable Arab world. Security has always been on top of the priorities of America, thus it would be prudent to get involved in an intellectual discourse with someone well versed in security matters. That person would be Ronald Reagan!!!

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Taxation - Essay Example For this the taxation system of the transportation system needs to be evaluated in the UK in order to conclude the actual potential of the recommendation for the proposal. There have been different taxation systems in the UK transportation especially for the new mode of registration tax and fuel tax. Through this there has been increase in the revenue collection of the UK Government that is utilised for the development of the transportation system. This increase is well illustrated below: The proposal was developed when Amanda Shmit was unable to get certain services due to transportation system in the UK. The fact is that there is already a huge amount of tax imposed upon the aviation sector in the UK and any further increase would not be feasible enough. From the UK Air Passenger Duty (APD), there have been total receipts of  £864 million in 2004 and this fund was utilised for the development of the infrastructure in the UK (IATA, 2006). The aviation sector is the highest tax collecting mode than other sectors. Now additional ‘1p per mile’ will increase the burden in the aviation sector and there will be additional taxation for the consumers, which is not a positive sign. The UK Government is more focused upon the ‘Carbon Tax’ that has gained importance in recent times. The 1 p tax increase per mile seems to be another taxation system that does not align with the carbon taxation (Zimmer, 2008). The current transportation sector tax is utilised for different purposes. The increase in the burden of taxation will not solve the problems; instead it might provide rise to evasion of certain transportation tax. The utilisation of the road transportation of the UK is illustrated below. The proposal recommended by Amanda about the taxation for the evaluation of the taxation system of the UK Government related to the transportation sector is not a